Testing Concepts
Q: Difference between 𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐧 & 𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐲?
Test Plan:
Purpose: A test plan is a detailed document that outlines the approach, scope, objectives, resources, schedule, and deliverables for the testing effort. It provides a roadmap for how testing will be conducted throughout the project lifecycle.
Scope: Test plans typically cover the entire testing process, including test objectives, test deliverables, test environment setup, test execution approach, test schedules, and resource allocation.
Content: A test plan includes sections such as introduction, objectives, scope, approach, schedule, resources, risks, assumptions, dependencies, and exit criteria. It details the specific tests to be performed, the test environment configuration, the test data requirements, and the roles and responsibilities of team members.
Level of Detail: Test plans are usually more detailed and comprehensive, addressing specific aspects of the testing process and providing guidance for the testing team throughout the project.
Test Strategy:
Purpose: A test strategy is a high-level document that defines the overall approach to testing for a project. It outlines the testing objectives, methods, and techniques to be used to ensure that the testing effort aligns with the project goals and requirements.
Scope: Test strategy focuses on defining the overall testing approach, including the types of testing to be performed, the testing tools and techniques to be used, the test automation strategy, and the overall quality goals.
Content: A test strategy document typically includes sections such as introduction, objectives, scope, testing approach, testing types, testing tools, automation approach, resource requirements, and exit criteria. It provides guidelines for making decisions related to testing throughout the project lifecycle.
Level of Detail: Test strategy documents are less detailed compared to test plans and focus on providing high-level guidance and direction for the testing effort. They are often used to communicate the overall testing approach to stakeholders and to ensure that testing aligns with the project goals and objectives.
Q: What are different Test case design technique?
Ans:
Test case design techniques are strategies used to create effective and efficient test cases for verifying software functionality. Here are some common test case design techniques and how to use them:
1. Equivalence Partitioning
Objective: Divide input data into equivalent partitions where test cases can be derived from each partition. The idea is that if one value in a partition works, all values in that partition will work similarly.
Example: For an age input field that accepts values from 0 to 120:
Valid Partitions: 0-120
Invalid Partitions: Less than 0, Greater than 120
Test Cases:
Valid partition: 25
Invalid partition: -1
2. Boundary Value Analysis
Objective: Focus on the boundaries of input values, where errors are most likely to occur.
Example: For an age input field (0 to 120):
Boundary values: 0, 1, 119, 120
Test Cases:
Lower boundary: 0 (valid)
Just below lower boundary: -1 (invalid)
Just above lower boundary: 1 (valid)
Upper boundary: 120 (valid)
Just above upper boundary: 121 (invalid)
Just below upper boundary: 119 (valid)
3. Decision Table Testing
Objective: Create a table to represent combinations of conditions and actions, ensuring all possible combinations are tested.
Example: For a login form with the following rules:
Conditions: Valid username (Y/N), Valid password (Y/N)
Actions: Login success (Y/N)
Username Valid Password Valid Login Success
Y Y Y
Y N N
N Y N
N N N
Test Cases:
Valid username and password: Login succeeds.
Valid username, invalid password: Login fails.
Invalid username, valid password: Login fails.
Invalid username and password: Login fails.
4. State Transition Testing
Objective: Test the application’s behavior based on state changes and transitions between different states.
Example: For a user account with states like Active, Inactive, Locked, and transitions like Activate, Deactivate, Lock, Unlock:
Test Cases:
Initial State: Inactive
Transition: Activate → New State: Active
Initial State: Active
Transition: Lock → New State: Locked
Initial State: Locked
Transition: Unlock → New State: Active
5. Use Case Testing
Objective: Derive test cases from use cases that describe the functional requirements of the system.
Example: For a banking application with a use case for transferring money:
Precondition: User is logged in.
Main Flow:
User selects Transfer Funds.
User enters recipient details and amount.
User confirms the transfer.
System processes the transfer and displays a success message.
Test Cases:
User transfers money with valid details.
User transfers money with invalid recipient details.
User transfers money with insufficient balance.
6. Pairwise Testing
Objective: Test all possible pairs of input parameters to identify issues that may occur due to interactions between them.
Example: For a form with three fields: Color (Red/Blue), Size (Small/Medium/Large), and Material (Cotton/Wool), you test combinations of these pairs:
Test Cases:
(Red, Small, Cotton)
(Blue, Medium, Wool)
(Red, Large, Wool)
(Blue, Small, Cotton)
7. Exploratory Testing
Objective: Use tester’s experience and intuition to explore the application without predefined test cases, to uncover unexpected issues.
Example: Navigate through the application’s features, try various inputs, and use cases beyond the standard scenarios to find bugs.
8. Error Guessing
Objective: Use experience and intuition to guess where errors might occur, based on common mistakes and previous experience.
Example: Testing edge cases, invalid inputs, or unusual usage patterns that are not covered by other techniques.
Best Practices for Test Case Design:
Understand Requirements: Ensure test cases are derived from clear and complete requirements.
Keep Test Cases Simple: Each test case should focus on a single aspect or condition.
Use Test Case Management Tools: Tools like Jira, TestRail, or QTest can help manage and organize test cases effectively.
Prioritize Test Cases: Focus on high-risk areas and critical functionalities.
Review and Update: Regularly review and update test cases based on changes in requirements or discovered issues.
Q: What is Quality metrix ?
Quality metrics are standards or measurements used to assess and manage the quality of a product, process, or service. They are essential for evaluating performance, identifying areas for improvement, and ensuring that quality objectives are met. In the context of software development, quality metrics help measure the effectiveness and efficiency of development processes and the quality of software products.
Key Quality Metrics in Software Development
Defect Density
Definition: The number of defects per unit of software size, such as per thousand lines of code (KLOC) or function points.
Purpose: Helps in assessing the quality of the software by measuring how many defects are found in a given amount of code.
Test Coverage
Definition: The percentage of the codebase that is executed by automated tests.
Purpose: Ensures that a significant portion of the code is tested, which helps in identifying untested parts of the application.
Defect Detection Rate
Definition: The number of defects detected in a specific period or phase of development.
Purpose: Measures the efficiency of the testing process and helps in identifying whether defects are being caught early or late in the development cycle.
Defect Resolution Time
Definition: The average time taken to resolve and close a defect from the time it is reported.
Purpose: Helps in evaluating the efficiency of the defect resolution process and the responsiveness of the development team.
Customer Satisfaction
Definition: Measures how satisfied customers are with the software product.
Purpose: Provides insight into the user experience and the effectiveness of the software in meeting user needs.
Code Quality Metrics
Cyclomatic Complexity: Measures the complexity of a program by counting the number of linearly independent paths through the code.
Code Churn: The amount of code added, modified, or deleted over time. High code churn may indicate instability in the codebase.
Technical Debt: Measures the cost of additional rework caused by choosing an easy solution now instead of using a better approach that would take longer.
Error Rate
Definition: The number of errors or issues per unit of output or per time period.
Purpose: Helps in understanding the frequency of errors and identifying areas where the process might be failing.
Rework Percentage
Definition: The percentage of effort that is spent on fixing defects and redoing tasks.
Purpose: Indicates the effectiveness of the initial development and testing processes. High rework percentages suggest issues with initial quality.
Customer Reported Issues
Definition: The number of issues or complaints reported by customers after the software has been released.
Purpose: Helps in understanding the real-world impact of defects and areas where the software may not meet customer expectations.
Test Case Effectiveness
Definition: The ratio of the number of defects found by tests to the total number of defects found.
Purpose: Measures how effective the test cases are in catching defects and ensuring comprehensive testing.
Why Quality Metrics are Important
Improves Quality: Regularly monitoring quality metrics helps in identifying weaknesses and areas for improvement in the software development process.
Informs Decisions: Provides objective data that can be used to make informed decisions about process changes and resource allocation.
Enhances Communication: Helps in communicating quality issues and achievements with stakeholders and team members.
Supports Continuous Improvement: Provides a basis for continuous improvement by identifying trends and areas where changes are needed.
How to Implement Quality Metrics
Define Metrics: Identify which metrics are relevant to your project or organization.
Collect Data: Use tools and processes to gather data on the defined metrics.
Analyze Results: Review and analyze the data to understand the current quality levels and identify areas for improvement.
Act on Insights: Implement changes based on the analysis to improve quality.
Review and Adjust: Regularly review the metrics and adjust processes as necessary to continuously enhance quality.
By leveraging quality metrics effectively, organizations can enhance their software development processes, deliver better products, and achieve higher levels of customer satisfaction.
Q: Explain some Testing related scenarios which is based on the situations:
Question: Your team is in the middle of a sprint, and you've discovered a critical defect just before the sprint ends. The developers are busy with other tasks. How would you handle this situation?
Answer:
- Prioritization: First, assess the severity of the defect and determine if it's a showstopper. If it critically impacts the application, I would immediately communicate the issue to the product owner and development team.
- Collaborate with the team: I would organize a quick huddle with both developers and the product owner to discuss the defect and potentially adjust the sprint priorities.
- Escalation: If necessary, escalate the issue to stakeholders, explaining the impact of not fixing the bug in this sprint. Propose potential trade-offs, such as delaying lower-priority items to fix the critical defect.
- Testing Strategy: Coordinate with the team to patch and test the fix immediately, making use of automation to speed up regression testing before the sprint ends.
2. Scenario: Cross-Functional Team Collaboration
Question: You are leading a team of testers working closely with developers and product owners. How do you ensure smooth collaboration between teams, especially during in-sprint automation?
Answer:
- Communication: I would set up daily stand-ups where each team member updates on their progress, blockers, and dependencies.
- Continuous Feedback: Encourage continuous feedback between testers and developers, especially for in-sprint automation. This allows for early bug detection and faster resolution.
- Integrated Tools: Use integrated tools like JIRA to track user stories, bugs, and test case automation progress. This ensures transparency and keeps everyone on the same page.
- Code Reviews and Pair Programming: Organize peer code reviews between testers and developers. Encourage pair programming sessions if needed, where testers sit with developers to understand feature functionality better.
3. Scenario: Handling a Low-Performing Team Member
Question: One of your team members is consistently underperforming, affecting the overall quality of the testing process. How do you address this?
Answer:
- One-on-One Discussion: I would first have a private discussion with the team member to understand any issues they're facing (personal or professional). Sometimes the root cause is lack of clarity or resources.
- Training & Support: If the issue is skill-related, I would arrange additional training or mentoring. I’d pair them with a senior team member for guidance.
- Set Clear Expectations: Set measurable goals and deadlines for improvement, and offer support where needed. Regular check-ins to monitor progress would help ensure they're on track.
- Escalation if Necessary: If performance does not improve, I’d involve HR or management to discuss alternative actions like role reassessment.
4. Scenario: Introducing Automation in a Manual Testing Environment
Question: Your team has been mostly doing manual testing, and management now wants to introduce automation. How would you handle the transition?
Answer:
- Assessment: I would start by assessing the current manual testing process and identifying repetitive and time-consuming test cases that are good candidates for automation.
- Training: Provide proper training for the team on automation tools (e.g., Selenium, REST Assured) and scripting languages (e.g., Java, Python).
- Gradual Implementation: Start with a pilot project to demonstrate the benefits of automation, focusing on critical paths like regression testing.
- Choose Tools: Select the right tools based on the application’s technology stack and project needs. For example, Selenium for web automation, REST Assured for API testing.
- Feedback & Refinement: Continuously gather feedback from the team and refine the automation process. Establish best practices and ensure there's a healthy balance between manual and automated testing.
5. Scenario: Conflict between Offshore and Onsite Teams
Question: You are managing both onsite and offshore teams. Recently, there has been some miscommunication, leading to delays in testing. How would you resolve this?
Answer:
- Regular Meetings: I would establish clear communication channels like regular sync-up meetings (e.g., daily or weekly stand-ups) where both onsite and offshore teams discuss their progress, challenges, and next steps.
- Time Zone Management: Create a schedule that works for both teams considering time zone differences. I would also document all critical decisions and test progress to ensure there’s no miscommunication.
- Centralized Documentation: Use a centralized platform like Confluence or SharePoint to store test cases, requirements, and defect reports. This would allow both teams to stay updated in real time.
- Cultural Sensitivity: Encourage a culture of understanding and flexibility. Sometimes, miscommunication arises due to cultural differences. Organize team-building activities to foster better collaboration.
6. Scenario: Change in Requirements Mid-Sprint
Question: During an ongoing sprint, the product owner comes in with significant changes in the requirements. How do you manage the impact on testing?
Answer:
- Impact Analysis: I would immediately perform an impact analysis to understand how the changes will affect the current testing and development work. This helps in adjusting priorities.
- Re-estimate Work: Based on the analysis, I would work with the team to re-estimate the remaining work for the sprint and evaluate if the new requirements can be accommodated.
- Communicate: Clear communication is key. I’d explain to the product owner and stakeholders the impact of the changes on testing and the overall sprint goals.
- Adjust Testing Strategy: Update test cases and automation scripts to reflect the new requirements, and reprioritize testing based on risk.
- If Needed, Adjust the Sprint Scope: In some cases, it may be necessary to negotiate which stories can be deferred to the next sprint to manage workload.
Q: What is the strategy to start failure analysis from Day 1 in the current release?
To start failure analysis from Day 1, the approach should include:
Establish Baseline Metrics: Set clear metrics for acceptable test failures (e.g., expected pass rate).
Real-Time Monitoring: Use continuous integration (CI) tools to run tests on every commit to detect failures early.
Immediate Triage of Failures: Prioritize and investigate failures immediately, tagging them as "defect," "environment issue," or "test script issue."
Set Up Failure Alerts: Notify teams about critical failures, and log defects immediately to reduce turnaround time.
Automated Failure Reports: Generate daily reports showing which tests fail most frequently, ensuring trend analysis throughout the release.
Collaborate with Dev Teams: Start collaborating with development teams on fixes, code improvements, and preventive strategies from Day 1.
Q: How can you calculate ROI for automation?
To calculate ROI for automation:
Calculate Manual Testing Costs: Determine time and costs for manual testing over multiple test cycles.
Estimate Automation Costs: Include costs of tools, initial script development, maintenance, and team hours.
Benefits of Automation:
Reduced Test Execution Time: Multiply test cases automated by average time saved per case.
Cost Savings Over Time: The more frequently tests are executed, the higher the return.
Reduction in Defects: Quantify costs saved by catching bugs earlier with automation.
Formula:
ROI=
((Manual Testing Cost−Automation Cost)/Automation Cost)
×
100
Q: How can you assign work when you have Senior and Junior (1-2 yrs) team members?
Assign Complex Tasks to Seniors: Give senior team members complex tasks that require experience, like setting up frameworks or writing critical test cases.
Mentorship: Pair seniors with juniors in a mentorship role. Assign manageable tasks to juniors, with seniors reviewing their work.
Skill-Based Task Distribution: Assign tasks based on each team member’s strengths and experience level.
Ownership: Give juniors ownership of simpler modules, helping them build confidence and responsibility.
Q: As a Lead QA, what is your checklist for code review?
A QA code review checklist could include:
Code Quality: Ensure adherence to coding standards and practices.
Readability & Comments: Code should be clean, well-documented, and maintainable.
Test Data: Check if test data is reusable and not hardcoded.
Error Handling: Ensure proper exception handling and error logging.
Assertions: Validate that assertions are effectively verifying test outcomes.
Reusable Functions: Look for any redundant code that can be refactored.
Edge Cases: Check that edge cases and boundary conditions are covered.
Code Efficiency: Ensure code performs efficiently without excessive memory or CPU usage.
Q: How to perform cross-browser testing?
Use Cross-Browser Testing Tools: Tools like BrowserStack, Sauce Labs, or Selenium Grid allow tests on multiple browsers and OS combinations.
Define Supported Browsers: Identify the browsers and versions supported by the application.
Automate with Selenium WebDriver: Selenium enables automation of test scripts across various browsers.
Write Browser-Compatible Test Scripts: Avoid browser-specific functions and ensure HTML/CSS are standardized.
Parallel Execution: Run tests in parallel across browsers to reduce time.
Q: How can you execute failed test cases without manual intervention?
Retry Mechanism:
Implement retry logic using test frameworks. For example:
JUnit/TestNG (Java): Use @Retry annotation in TestNG or custom RetryAnalyzer.
Pytest (Python): Use pytest-rerunfailures plugin to rerun failed tests automatically.
Execute All Failed Test Cases at Once: Use CI tools to mark failed tests and re-run only those cases after the initial execution. Test results from the failed execution can be logged separately.
Q :Difference between RemoteWebDriver and WebDriver
WebDriver:
Local interface used to control a browser directly on a local machine.
Typically does not require any server to run on the same machine.
RemoteWebDriver:
Enables control of a browser on a remote machine or grid.
Communicates with the Selenium Grid or a remote server, sending commands over HTTP, allowing cross-machine or cloud execution.
Q: Architecture for Selenium 3 and Selenium 4
Selenium 3 Architecture:
Uses JSON Wire Protocol to communicate with browsers.
Requires a separate server like ChromeDriver or GeckoDriver to bridge between Selenium commands and browser actions.
Selenium 4 Architecture:
Directly implements WebDriver W3C Protocol, reducing JSON Wire Protocol usage.
Allows direct communication with modern browsers, improving stability and compatibility.
Provides new features like native Chrome DevTools Protocol (CDP) integration for advanced debugging.
Q: Topmost interface in Selenium
The topmost interface in Selenium is the SearchContext interface, which is the parent of WebDriver and WebElement interfaces. It provides basic findElement and findElements methods, enabling element location within a web page.
Q: Write a pipeline which we can use in project?
Ans:
pipeline {
agent any
stages {
stage('Checkout') {
steps {
git branch: 'master', url: 'https://github.com/djmishra2709/PlaywrightAutomation.git'
}
}
stage('Build and Test') {
steps {
// Build and execute your automation tests
sh 'mvn clean install'
}
}
}
post {
always {
// Archive the test report files
archiveArtifacts artifacts: '**/target/surefire-reports/*.xml', allowEmptyArchive: true
}
success {
script {
// Get the latest test report file
def reportFile = findFiles(glob: '**/target/surefire-reports/*.xml').first()
if (reportFile != null) {
// Define email parameters
def subject = "Test Automation Report - ${env.JOB_NAME} - Build #${env.BUILD_NUMBER}"
def body = "Attached is the test report for the ${env.JOB_NAME} build #${env.BUILD_NUMBER}."
// Send email with attachment
emailext subject: subject,
body: body,
to: 'djmishra2709@gmail.com',
attachLog: true,
attachmentsPattern: reportFile.path
} else {
echo "No test report file found."
}
}
}
}
}
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